Watt’s Inside: Electrical Engineering Topics

Battery

1. An Introduction to BESS (Battery Energy Storage System)
2. How does a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Work?
3. Interview Questions on Substation Battery & Battery Charger
4. Discharging and Charging Reactions of a Lead Acid Battery
5. What is Nickel Cadmium Battery? - A Complete Article
6. Battery Sizing Calculation for a Substation

Electrical Tools

7. EHV Cable Current Calculator - A Complete Calculation Tool
8. EHV Cable Parameter Calculator - A Complete Calculation Tool
9. Short Circuit Current Calculator for EHV Cables
10. Resistor Color Code Calculator
11. DSLP Calculator (Direct Stroke Lightning Protection)
12. Earth Mat Design Calculator - A Complete 100% Free IEEE 80 Tool
13. Ohm's Law Calculator - A Free Online Calculator for Circuits

Power Transmission

14. Capacitance of a Transmission Line - Complete Derivation
15. Inductance of a Transmission Line - Complete Derivation
16. High Frequency Tower Footing Resistance Measurement Complete
17. Flux Linkage of One Conductor in a Group of Conductors
18. Inductance of Two Conductors Transmission Line
19. Magnetic Field Due to a Long Current-Carrying Conductor
20. Working of Nuclear Power Plant - A Complete Introduction
21. Hydroelectric Power Plants - A Complete Introduction
22. What are the Factors Affecting Corona Loss - Complete Guide
23. What is Corona Critical Disruptive Voltage? Complete Guide
24. Working of BCU (Bay Control Unit) with an Example
25. BCU - What is a Bay Control Unit? Complete Guide
26. Basic Working of a Thermal Power Plant - Complete Guide
27. Structure of Power Systems - A Complete Guide
28. How does a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Work?
29. What is CONTROLLED SWITCHING DEVICE? Made Simplified
30. What is Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) - A Simplified Theory
31. What is Tariff-Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB)?
32. How to Enhance Transmission Capacity?
33. What is Radio Interference Voltage(RIV)? How to Measure RIV?
34. What is STATCOM and its Uses? - A Complete Guide
35. What is Electrical Transmission System? A Complete Guide
36. Structural Detail of Transmission Towers - A Complete Guide
37. Transmission Towers - Ultimate Guide to A, B, C, and D Type
38. What is ACSR Conductor? - A Complete Explanation
39. What is an HTLS Conductor? - Introduction to HTLS
40. What are Different Types of HTLS Conductor? Complete Article
41. What is ACSS Conductor? Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported
42. What is a TACSR Conductor? - A Complete Guide
43. What is STACIR (INVAR Core HTLS Conductor) ? Complete Guide
44. GAP-Type HTLS Conductors
45. What is ACCC? Aluminium Conductor Composite Core
46. Insulators Used in Overhead Transmission Lines
47. Disc Insulators in High Voltage Transmission Lines 
48. Silicone Rubber Composite Insulators | Long Rod Type
49. Voltage Regulation in Transmission Line? – A Complete Guide
50. What is Skin Effect in Electrical Systems? Complete Guide
51. What is Corona Effect? A Complete Theory and Explanation
52. Line Differential Protection
53. Working Principle of Digital Teleprotection Coupler
54. Testing of ACSR Conductors
55. Testings on GSS (Galvanized Steel Stranded) Earth Wires

Overhead Conductor

56. What is ACSR Conductor? - A Complete Explanation
57. What is an HTLS Conductor? - Introduction to HTLS
58. What are Different Types of HTLS Conductor? Complete Article
59. What is ACSS Conductor? Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported
60. What is a TACSR Conductor? - A Complete Guide
61. What is STACIR (INVAR Core HTLS Conductor) ? Complete Guide
62. GAP-Type HTLS Conductors
63. What is ACCC? Aluminium Conductor Composite Core
64. What is Skin Effect in Electrical Systems? Complete Guide
65. Testing of ACSR Conductors
66. Testings on GSS (Galvanized Steel Stranded) Earth Wires

Power Transformer

67. Oil Temperature Indicator of Transformers - A Complete Guide
68. What is a Winding Temperature Indicator? A Complete Article
69. Interview Questions on Power Transformers | Part - 2
70. What is Inrush Current in a Transformer? Easy Explanation
71. How to Calculate Fault MVA of a Transformer?
72. Important MCQ on Transformers with Explanations
73. What is a Electrical Power Transformer - A Complete Guide
74. What is an Ideal Transformer? A Complete Answer
75. Working Principle of a Transformer - A Complete Explanation
76. EMF Equation of a Transformer - A Complete Derivation
77. Transformer Vector Diagram or Phasor Diagram - Explained
78. Equivalent Circuit of Transformer - A Complete Explanation
79. Parallel Operation of Transformers - A Complete Explanation
80. Autotransformer | How does it save copper? A Complete Theory
81. What is Tertiary or Stabilizer Winding? A Complete Theory
82. Voltage Regulation of a Transformer - A Complete Explanation
83. Different Losses in a Transformer - A Complete Explanation
84. What is Transformer Efficiency? - A Complete Explanation
85. Core and Shell Type Transformer Core - A Complete Guide
86. Amorphous Core for Transformers - A Complete Guide
87. Condenser Bushing - Theory of Capacitor Grading
88. Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper Bushing (SRBP or RBP)
89. OIP Bushing (Oil Impregnated Paper Bushing) - Explained
90. RIP Bushing Construction and Design - A Complete Guide
91. What is a Transformer Breather? A Complete Guide
92. What is a Buchholz Relay? A Complete Working Principle
93. What is an Oil Surge Relay (OSR)? - A Complete Guide
94. What is Transformer Oil? Types of Transformer Oil
95. Key Properties of Transformer Oil and Why They Matter
96. Technical Parameters of Transformer Oil - A Complete Guide
97. Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System (NIFPS or NIFPES)
98. Stage Inspection of a Transformer
99. Parameters of a Transformer (10MVA 66/11KV Transformer)
100. What is Transformer Differential Protection? Complete Guide
101. Restricted Earth Fault (REF) Protection of Transformer
102. High Impedance REF Protection of Transformer- Complete Guide
103. Backup Protection of Transformer - Over Current Earth Fault
104. Testing on Power Transformers - A Complete Guide
105. Testing on New Transformer Oil
106. Interview Questions on Power Transformer Part - 1

Circuit Breakers

107. High Voltage Circuit Breaker - Air, Oil, SF6 & Vacuum Types
108. Rated Short Circuit Making Current and Breaking Current 
109. Zero Current Crossing Method in A Circuit Breaker
110. Small Inductive Current Interruption by Circuit Breakers
111. Arc Voltage, Recovery Voltage, Restriking Voltage, RRRV
112. Shunt Trip Mechanism Vs Series Trip Mechanism
113. Details Current Ratings of a Circuit Breaker
114. First Pole to Clear Factor of Circuit Breaker
115. Rated Transient Recovery Voltage of a Circuit Breaker
116. M2 Class Circuit Breakers as per IEC 62271‑100
117. C2 Duty Cycle Test for Circuit Breakers as per IEC 62271
118. Construction and Working of MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
119. Selective DC Scheme in Breaker Control Circuit
120. Spring - Spring Mechanism of Circuit Breaker - Explained
121. Anti-Pumping Scheme in Circuit Breakers - A Complete Guide
122. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker | MOCB - Explained
123. Duty Cycle of a Circuit Breaker
124. Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker - History, Working & Drawbacks

SF6 Circuit Breaker

125. Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker - A Complete Comparison Guide
126. SF6 Gas Properties | SF6 in CB - A Complete Guide
127. Greenhouse Effect of SF6 Gas and Alternative Gas of SF6
128. DC Control Circuit of an SF6 Circuit Breaker
129. Testing on SF6 Circuit Breaker
130. Objective Questions on SF6 CB - A Complete MCQ Series

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

131. MCQ on Vacuum Circuit Breaker - A Complete MCQ Series
132. Effects of Contact Gap in VCBs: A Complete Guide
133. What is Metal Enclosed Indoor Switchgear? A Complete Guide
134. What is a Vacuum Circuit Breaker? A Complete Theory
135. How does a Vacuum Arc Form? A Complete Explanation
136. Working Principle of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
137. A Complete Comparison of Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Other
138. Vacuum Interrupter - Construction, Function, Arc Quenching
139. Design of Contacts in Vacuum Interrupters
140. Testing of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker
141. Ratings of 36kV Outdoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker
142. Questions on 33KV Circuit Breaker - A Complete Session

Current Transformer

143. What is a Current Transformer? - A Complete Explanation
144. Current Transformer: Working Principle, Theory, and Purpose
145. What are the Types of Current Transformer - A Complete Guide
146. Dead Tank CT (Current Transformer) - A Complete Guide
147. Live Tank Current Transformer (Live Tank CT)
148. Live Tank vs Dead Tank Current Transformers
149. Protection CT Vs Metering CT - Differences and Applications
150. Selection of CTs for Protection & Metering - Complete Guide
151. Errors in Current Transformers (CTs) & Saturation in CTs
152. Instrument Safety Factor or Instrument Security Factor (ISF)
153. What is Accuracy Limit Factor of CT? Complete Details
154. CT Saturation and its Causes & Effects - A Complete Guide
155. Testing of HV Current Transformer - A Complete List
156. Core Balance CT or Core Balance Current Transformer (CBCT)
157. What is Nanocrystalline Core in CTs? A Complete Detail
158. What is SF6 CT? SF6 Current Transformer - Complete Guide
159. Rogowski Coil CT - A Complete Guide to Theory and Operation

Potential Transformer

160. What is Potential Transformer or PT? Complete Theory
161. Testing of Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
162. Ferroresonance in PT and its Prevention – Simplified Theory
163. Technical Parameters of a Potential Transformer (PT)
164. Questions on Voltage Transformer – A Complete Session

Lightning Arrester

165. What is a Lightning Arrester? - Types of LA
166. Lightning Arrester Ratings - A Details and Complete Guide
167. Lightning Arrester - Gapless Metal Oxide (ZnO) Arrester
168. Zinc Oxide Material Science for ZnO Blocks
169. Valve Type Lightning Arresters
170. Testing of Lightning Arrester
171. Top Questions on HV Lightning Arresters - A Complete Session

Capacitor Bank

172. Reactive Power in Power Systems - A Simplified Explanation
173. Location and Connection of Capacitor Banks
174. Shunt Capacitor Bank and Series Capacitor Bank
175. Double Star Ungrounded Capacitor Bank
176. Details of Capacitor Units in a Capacitor Bank
177. Construction and Manufacturing Process of a Capacitor Unit
178. Why Reactors are Used with Capacitor Banks
179. Protection of a Capacitor Bank | Unbalance Protection Scheme
180. Testing of Capacitor Bank

Bus Layout

181. What is Metal Enclosed Indoor Switchgear? A Complete Guide
182. Types of Bus Arrangements in Substations - A Complete Guide

Earthing System

183. What is an Electrical Fault? A Complete Explanation
184. Protection Zones and Overlapping Zones in Power Systems
185. Resistor Color Codes Explained Easily
186. Substation Earthing - A Simplified and Complete Guide
187. How Lightning Occurs? Complete and Simple Explanation
188. Direct Stroke Lightning Protection (DSLP) Philosophy - IEEE
189. Empirical DSLP Design Methods - A Complete Explanation
190. Topics Covered or to be Covered
191. How to Measure Soil Resistivity for A Transmission Line?
192. Earth Mat Design Calculator - A Complete 100% Free IEEE 80 Tool
193. How to Measure Soil Resistivity: Detailed Process Explained
194. What is a Sheath Voltage Limiter?
195. Earth Continuity Conductor or Cable (ECC) for EHV Cables

Electrical Parameters

196. Power Frequency Withstand Voltage & Impulse Voltage Ratings
197. What is Inductance? Complete Guide for Electrical Engineers
198. What is an Inductor? How does an Inductor Work in DC?
199. Kirchhoff's Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law?
200. Behavior of An Inductor in AC Circuit - Complete Explanation
201. What is Ideal Current Source and Practical Current Source?
202. What is Ideal Voltage Source and Practical Voltage Source?
203. What is the Magnetic Effect of Current - Complete Theory
204. What is Insulation Resistance ? - A Complete Guide
205. What Are the Different Types of Resistors? Complete Guide
206. What is a Wire Wound Resistor? A Complete Guide
207. Metal Film Resistor Design and Applications A Complete Guide
208. What is a Carbon Film Resistor? - A Complete Guide
209. What is a Carbon Composition Resistor - A Complete Guide
210. What is Resistivity (Specific Resistance)? A Complete Guide
211. What is Electrical Resistance? A Complete Answer
212. Effect of Temperature on Resistance - A Complete Explanation
213. Ohm's Law - A Complete Guide with Formula and Examples
214. Battery Sizing Calculation for a Substation
215. Quality Factor & Dissipation Factor or Q Factor & D Factor
216. Voltage Regulation in Transmission Line? – A Complete Guide
217. What is Skin Effect in Electrical Systems? Complete Guide

Electrical Protection

218. What is Primary and Backup Protection? - Complete Guide
219. What is an Electrical Protection Relay? Explained in Details
220. Electromagnetic Attraction Type Relay
221. Contact Multiplier Relay – Construction and Working
222. What is an Induction Disc Relay – A Complete Explanation
223. What is Induction Cup Relay? A Complete Explanation
224. What is Watthour Meter Type Induction Relay? Complete Theory
225. What is Electrical Static Relay - A Complete Explanation
226. High Impedance Bus Differential Protection
227. What is a Numerical Protection Relay - A Complete Guide
228. Local Breaker Backup (LBB) Protection - Explained
229. What is Transformer Differential Protection? Complete Guide
230. Restricted Earth Fault (REF) Protection of Transformer
231. Line Differential Protection
232. High Impedance REF Protection of Transformer- Complete Guide
233. Backup Protection of Transformer - Over Current Earth Fault
234. SOTF Protection or Switch On To Fault Protection

Differential Protection

235. High Impedance Bus Differential Protection
236. What is Transformer Differential Protection? Complete Guide
237. Line Differential Protection

Solar Panel

238. What is a Photovoltaic Cell? A Complete Theory Explained
239. How Monocrystalline Solar Panels Are Made - Complete Guide
240. What is Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Power Plant - Easy Read
241. What is Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)? Complete Theory
242. What is DC–DC Converter? Complete Explanation with Circuit

Equipment Testing

243. Winding Resistance Measurement Test of a Power Transformer
244. Testing of HV Current Transformer - A Complete List
245. Testing of a Station Service Transformer as per Standards
246. Testing on Earthing Transformer
247. Testing on SF6 Circuit Breaker
248. Testing of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)
249. Testing of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker
250. Testing of Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
251. Testing of Lightning Arrester
252. Testing on Power Transformers - A Complete Guide
253. Testing of High Voltage Isolators
254. Testing of Capacitor Bank
255. Testing on New Transformer Oil
256. Testing on Clamp Connectors of Power Circuit
257. Testing on Aluminium Bus Pipe
258. Testing of ACSR Conductors
259. Testings on GSS (Galvanized Steel Stranded) Earth Wires
260. Testing of XLPE Cable above 33KV up to 220KV

Gas Insulated Switchgear

261. Dielectric Test Procedure for GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear)
262. Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) - An Introduction
263. Testing of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)
264. Online Partial Discharge Measurement of GIS

High Voltage Cable

265. Short Circuit Current Calculator for EHV Cables
266. Calculation of Short-Circuit Current of Cable (IEC - 60949)
267. Interview Questions on High Voltage Cables - Complete List
268. EHV XLPE Cable Construction: Exploring Each Part
269. What is XLPE or Cross Linked Polyethylene
270. Type, Routine and Acceptance Tests for HV XLPE Cables
271. What is Milliken Segmented Stranded Conductor Ultimate Guide
272. Types of Sheath Bonding in High Voltage Cable
273. What is a Sheath Voltage Limiter?
274. Earth Continuity Conductor or Cable (ECC) for EHV Cables
275. Testing of XLPE Cable above 33KV up to 220KV

Ratings of Electrical Equipment

276. Battery Sizing Calculation for a Substation
277. Current Ratings of an Electrical Equipment
278. What is Normal Current Rating? - A Complete Guide
279. Details Current Ratings of a Circuit Breaker
280. Rated Transient Recovery Voltage of a Circuit Breaker
281. Duty Cycle of a Circuit Breaker
282. What is Basic Insulation Level (BIL) - A Complete Guidance
283. Ratings of 36kV Outdoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Testing Procedure

284. Winding Resistance Measurement Test of a Power Transformer
285. DC Resistance Test on Stranded Conductor - A Complete Guide
286. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) - A Complete Guide

Measuring Instrument

287. What is Attraction Moving Iron Instrument - A Complete Guide
288. What is an LCR Meter? Working Principle of an LCR Meter

Interview Questions

289. Interview Questions on Power Transformers | Part - 2
290. Interview Questions on High Voltage Cables - Complete List
291. Interview Questions on Substation Battery & Battery Charger
292. Questions on Voltage Transformer – A Complete Session
293. Top Questions on HV Lightning Arresters - A Complete Session
294. Interview Questions on Power Transformer Part - 1
295. Questions on 33KV Circuit Breaker - A Complete Session

Electrical MCQs

296. MCQ on Lightning Arresters - A Complete Series
297. MCQ on Vacuum Circuit Breaker - A Complete MCQ Series
298. Important MCQ on Transformers with Explanations
299. Objective Questions on SF6 CB - A Complete MCQ Series
300. Quiz on Electrical Engineering - A Complete MCQ Quiz Series