Topics Covered or to be Covered

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Organized into 15 categories

Current Transformer (CT)

  1. Current transformer basics
  2. CT working principle
  3. Types of current transformers
  4. Bar type CT
  5. Wound type CT
  6. Ring type CT
  7. Live tank CT
  8. Dead tank CT
  9. SF6 CT
  10. Optical CT
  11. Rogowski coil CT
  12. CT ratio and class selection
  13. CT knee point voltage calculation
  14. CT knee point test
  15. CT magnetization curve
  16. CT excitation curve
  17. CT saturation causes
  18. CT remanence
  19. CT burden calculation
  20. CT burden selection
  21. Instrument transformer burden standards
  22. CT composite error
  23. CT ratio error
  24. CT phase angle error
  25. 5P CT vs 10P CT
  26. 5P10 vs 5P20
  27. PS class CT explained
  28. PS class CT testing
  29. ALF (Accuracy Limit Factor) explained
  30. CT ALF calculation
  31. CT VA rating
  32. CT core types
  33. Nano Crystalline Core of CT
  34. CT for differential protection
  35. CT for distance protection
  36. CT for overcurrent protection
  37. CT for transformer protection
  38. CT selection for generator protection
  39. CT polarity test
  40. CT insulation level
  41. CT nameplate explanation
  42. CT testing (IS 16227 / IEC 61869)
  43. CT secondary resistance measurement
  44. CT ratio test
  45. CT knee point test procedure
  46. CT installation mistakes
  47. CT wiring errors
  48. CT earthing practices
  49. CT shorting practice
  50. CT secondary open-circuit dangers
  51. CT failures and case studies
  52. CT for metering applications
  53. CT for revenue metering
  54. Low burden CTs
  55. Core-balance CT (CBCT)
  56. Zero-sequence CT
  57. Differential CT mismatch
  58. CT mismatch and spill current
  59. CT selection for busbar protection
  60. CT error due to burden mismatch
  61. CT transient performance

Potential Transformer (PT / VT / CVT)

  1. Potential transformer working
  2. PT types
  3. Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) explanation
  4. CVT transient response
  5. CVT ferroresonance
  6. PT ratio error
  7. PT testing as per IS/IEC
  8. VT selection for protection
  9. VT selection for metering
  10. Neutral voltage displacement relay VT
  11. PT/VT polarity
  12. PT insulation levels
  13. CVT failure modes
  14. CVT filters
  15. CVT maintenance
  16. Line CVT vs station CVT
  17. CVT oil leakage
  18. Error due to CVT burden
  19. Voltage transformer accuracy class
  20. PT wiring and fusing
  21. PT/VT shorting
  22. Capacitive divider basics
  23. CVT for carrier communication
  24. Coupling capacitor unit (CCU)
  25. Line trap and CVT
  26. Overvoltage on PT
  27. Neutral grounding VT
  28. Ferroresonance prevention
  29. CVT monitoring systems
  30. PT fuse failures

Circuit Breakers (VCB / SF6 / GIS / ACB / OCB)

  1. SF6 circuit breaker working
  2. SF6 gas properties
  3. SF6 decomposition products
  4. SF6 moisture effects
  5. VCB working principle
  6. Vacuum interrupter construction
  7. ACB basics
  8. OCB (oil CB) working
  9. Minimum oil CB
  10. Air blast CB
  11. Dead tank vs live tank CB
  12. GIS circuit breaker
  13. Hybrid switchgear
  14. CB operating mechanism
  15. Spring-operated mechanism
  16. Hydraulic mechanism
  17. Pneumatic mechanism
  18. Closing coil
  19. Trip coil
  20. Anti-pumping relay
  21. CB closing sequence
  22. CB tripping sequence
  23. Breaker failure protection
  24. LBB (Local Breaker Backup) protection
  25. CB timings (arcing, opening, closing)
  26. CB contact resistance test
  27. Dynamic contact resistance measurement (DCRM)
  28. CB partial discharge test
  29. CB gas density monitoring
  30. SF6 gas leak detection
  31. CB health index
  32. CB maintenance schedule
  33. CB failure case studies
  34. GIS busbar failure
  35. GIS sealing systems
  36. CB thermal rating
  37. Making capacity
  38. Breaking capacity
  39. Short-circuit rating calculation
  40. TRV (Transient Recovery Voltage)
  41. RRRV
  42. CB de-ionization process
  43. Auto-reclosing CB
  44. CB for EHV substations
  45. CB nameplate details
  46. Motorized spring charging system
  47. Spring failure detection
  48. Mechanism latch issues
  49. CB auxiliary switch (52a/52b)
  50. CB interlocking schemes
  51. CB safety procedures
  52. CB tagging and shutdown protocol
  53. CB controlled switching
  54. Point-on-wave switching
  55. Arc quenching media comparison
  56. Circuit breaker troubleshooting
  57. SF6 recycling process
  58. Gas handling procedures
  59. GIS module replacement
  60. VCB lifespan and end-of-life analysis

Protection Systems

  1. Introduction to protection systems
  2. Overcurrent protection basics
  3. Earth fault protection
  4. Directional overcurrent protection
  5. Negative sequence protection
  6. Differential protection basics
  7. Transformer differential protection
  8. Busbar differential protection
  9. Generator differential protection
  10. Line differential protection
  11. REF (Restricted Earth Fault) protection
  12. SEF (Sensitive Earth Fault)
  13. Distance protection
  14. Zones of distance protection
  15. Mho vs impedance relay
  16. Quadrilateral relay
  17. Carrier-aided protection
  18. Permissive tripping schemes
  19. Blocking schemes
  20. Auto-reclose logic
  21. Synchronization check relay
  22. Under/over voltage relay
  23. Under/over frequency relay
  24. ROCOF relay
  25. Directional relay basics
  26. Inverse time characteristics
  27. IDMT curves
  28. Cumulative vs reset timers
  29. Protection grading
  30. Relay coordination
  31. CT selection for protection
  32. VT selection for protection
  33. Breaker failure protection
  34. LBB logic
  35. Busbar protection schemes
  36. Transformer Buchholz protection
  37. Winding temperature protection
  38. Differential relay harmonic restraint
  39. Distance relay testing
  40. Relay settings calculation
  41. Relay setting mistakes
  42. Protection misoperation case studies
  43. Arc flash protection
  44. Out-of-step protection
  45. Synchro-check relay
  46. Pole discordance protection
  47. Dead line charging protection
  48. Overfluxing relay
  49. Generator loss of excitation
  50. Generator reverse power
  51. Motor stall protection
  52. Motor thermal overload protection
  53. Motor differential protection
  54. Auto-reclose issues
  55. Directional earth fault logic
  56. Neutral displacement relay
  57. Capacitor bank protection
  58. Reactor protection
  59. Feeder protection
  60. Stub protection
  61. Overcurrent relay testing
  62. Protection philosophy for 132/220/400 kV systems
  63. IEC 61850 protection basics
  64. GOOSE messaging
  65. SCADA linkage with protection
  66. Digital substation protection

Substation Engineering (AIS/GIS)

  1. AIS substation basics
  2. GIS substation basics
  3. Hybrid substations
  4. Substation layout design
  5. Double bus single breaker
  6. Main and transfer bus
  7. One-and-a-half breaker scheme
  8. Double bus double breaker
  9. Substation sizing
  10. Busbar rating selection
  11. Isolator working
  12. Isolator interlocking
  13. Earthing switch
  14. Maintenance earthing switch
  15. Current path in substation
  16. Lightning masts
  17. Surge arresters selection
  18. Bus PTs
  19. Station battery sizing
  20. Control room design
  21. Cable trench design
  22. Auxiliary power system
  23. ACDB/DCDB
  24. Substation automation
  25. 132 kV yard layout
  26. 220 kV yard layout
  27. 400 kV yard layout
  28. GIS module arrangement
  29. GIS Bay components
  30. SF6 handling in GIS
  31. Feeder bay explanation
  32. Transformer bay explanation
  33. Line reactor bay
  34. Bus coupler bay
  35. Line isolator design
  36. Substation fire-fighting systems
  37. Substation earthing design
  38. Operation & maintenance issues
  39. Substation safety protocols
  40. Permit-to-work system

Earthing & Lightning Protection

  1. Substation earthing grid design
  2. Touch and step potential
  3. Grid resistance calculation
  4. Earthing electrode types
  5. Chemical earthing
  6. Pipe vs plate earthing
  7. Earthing conductor sizing
  8. Earth fault current
  9. Ground resistance measurement
  10. Fall of potential test
  11. Soil resistivity testing
  12. Lightning arrester working
  13. ZnO arrester explanation
  14. Residual voltage in LA
  15. Lightning arrester failure modes
  16. Surge arrester selection
  17. Shield wire design
  18. Lightning protection zones
  19. Rolling sphere method
  20. Direct stroke calculations
  21. Earthing in GIS
  22. Earthing mistakes
  23. Neutral grounding types
  24. Solid grounding
  25. Resistance grounding
  26. Reactance grounding
  27. Petersen coil
  28. Grounding transformer
  29. Station grounding issues
  30. Earthing for relay panels
  31. Earthing for control room
  32. Earthing for capacitor bank
  33. Portable earthing switches
  34. Step voltage hazards
  35. Ground enhancement material
  36. Earthing in rocky soil
  37. Earthing for solar power plants
  38. Lightning risk assessment
  39. Bonding & grounding basics
  40. Equipotential bonding

Transformer Engineering

  1. Power transformer basics
  2. Distribution transformer design
  3. Transformer vector groups
  4. Dyn11 vs YNd11
  5. Transformer oil testing
  6. BDV test
  7. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
  8. Core losses
  9. Copper losses
  10. Percentage impedance calculation
  11. Short-circuit withstand capability
  12. Transformer cooling methods
  13. ONAN/ONAF/OFAF/ODAF
  14. Tap changer working
  15. OLTC troubleshooting
  16. Transformer differential protection
  17. Buchholz relay working
  18. WTI & OTI
  19. Cooling fans and oil pumps
  20. Transformer noise
  21. Transformer parallel operation
  22. Inrush current
  23. Residual flux
  24. Transformer polarity test
  25. Winding resistance measurement
  26. Transformer ratio test
  27. Vector group test
  28. Transformer insulation class
  29. Transformer neutral grounding
  30. Transformer insulation failures
  31. Oil filtration process
  32. Transformer erection procedure
  33. Transformer routine tests
  34. Factory acceptance tests
  35. Transformer commissioning
  36. Transformer failure analysis
  37. Arc flash in transformer bays
  38. Transformer bushing failures
  39. CT in transformer bushings
  40. On-load tap changer failures
  41. LV & HV bushing testing
  42. Transformer cooling failure
  43. Transformer protection settings
  44. Transformer overfluxing
  45. Transformer temperature rise test
  46. Transformer efficiency calculation
  47. Auto-transformer basics
  48. Traction transformer
  49. Furnace transformer
  50. Transformer oil sampling
  51. Partial discharge in transformers

Capacitor Banks & Power Quality

  1. Capacitor bank working
  2. Fixed capacitor bank
  3. Automatic capacitor bank
  4. Detuned reactor bank
  5. Harmonic filters
  6. Capacitor switching transient
  7. Inrush current
  8. Capacitor bank protection
  9. IS 13925 capacitor bank standards
  10. Neutral current in capacitor bank
  11. Overvoltage issues
  12. Power factor correction basics
  13. Power quality issues
  14. THD in power systems
  15. Harmonic resonance
  16. Capacitor bank failure
  17. Capacitor bank fuses
  18. Capacitor cell testing
  19. Harmonic filter tuning
  20. Reactor sizing
  21. Capacitor placement in substation
  22. Shunt reactor basics
  23. Shunt reactor protection
  24. Switching surge
  25. Capacitor bank CT issues
  26. Overcurrent relay for capacitor bank
  27. Capacitor switching contactors
  28. Power quality meters
  29. Flicker analysis
  30. Voltage swell/sag
  31. Unbalance in capacitor bank

Transmission Lines

  1. Transmission line parameters
  2. ABCD parameters
  3. Surge impedance loading
  4. Ferranti effect
  5. Corona discharge
  6. Critical disruptive voltage
  7. Bundle conductors
  8. Transmission tower types
  9. Sag-tension calculation
  10. Conductor temperature rise
  11. Line insulator types
  12. String efficiency
  13. Suspension insulators
  14. Tension insulators
  15. Arcing horns
  16. Line faults types
  17. Lightning shielding
  18. Line differential protection
  19. Distance protection
  20. Line CVT
  21. Line trap
  22. Wave trap tuning
  23. PLC in transmission
  24. OPGW basics
  25. Transmission line switching
  26. Line energization transients

Distribution Systems

  1. RMU basics
  2. Ring main system
  3. Sectionalizer
  4. Auto-recloser
  5. Fault passage indicator
  6. Distribution transformer protection
  7. LT/HT metering
  8. AB cable
  9. Pole-mounted transformer
  10. Fuse selection
  11. Rewirable vs HRC fuse
  12. Drop-out fuse
  13. Distribution automation
  14. SCADA for distribution
  15. Load forecasting
  16. Load flow analysis
  17. Smart meters
  18. Feeder pillar basics
  19. LT panel design
  20. Distribution reliability (SAIDI/SAIFI)

HVDC & FACTS

  1. HVDC basics
  2. LCC vs VSC
  3. MMC converter
  4. Converter transformer
  5. Filter banks in HVDC
  6. DC smoothing reactor
  7. Ground return path
  8. HVDC protection
  9. HVDC control
  10. FACTS devices basics
  11. STATCOM
  12. SVC
  13. TCSC
  14. UPFC
  15. Series compensation
  16. Line loadability improvement
  17. Power oscillation damping
  18. Reactive power control
  19. Voltage stability
  20. FACTS failure cases

Industrial Systems

  1. MCC panel basics
  2. PCC panel basics
  3. VFD basics
  4. Soft starter
  5. Motor protection relays
  6. Motor starting methods
  7. Motor switching transients
  8. Thermal overload relay
  9. Industrial earthing
  10. Short-circuit calculation
  11. Arc flash analysis
  12. UPS systems
  13. Diesel generator synchronization
  14. Battery charger basics
  15. Industrial SCADA
  16. PLC basics
  17. DOL starter
  18. Star-delta starter
  19. Motor insulation class
  20. Slip ring induction motor

Standards & Testing

  1. IEC 61869 (CT/PT)
  2. IS 16227 (CT)
  3. IS 2705 (CT older standard)
  4. IEC 62271
  5. IS 3427 (Circuit breakers)
  6. IS 13925 (Capacitor banks)
  7. IS 3043 (Earthing)
  8. IEC 60044
  9. IEC 60947
  10. HV testing basics
  11. Power frequency withstand test
  12. Lightning impulse test
  13. Megger test
  14. Tan delta test
  15. Partial discharge test
  16. Thermal imaging
  17. High-voltage test procedures
  18. Cable VLF test
  19. Relay testing procedures
  20. Primary injection test

Real-World Operation & Maintenance –

  1. Substation O&M best practices
  2. Hot line maintenance
  3. Breaker health monitoring
  4. Transformer O&M
  5. GIS maintenance
  6. Preventive vs predictive maintenance
  7. Thermography in substations
  8. SF6 handling safety
  9. Live line washing
  10. Fault analysis procedures
  11. Relay event report reading
  12. Disturbance recorder analysis
  13. Protection maloperation case studies
  14. Transmission line patrol
  15. Patrolling defects
  16. Shutdown procedures
  17. Permit to work
  18. Risk assessment
  19. Electrical safety PPE
  20. Energized work hazards