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A photovoltaic cell is nothing but a simple PN junction. There is an N-type semiconductor layer facing the sunlight. The P-type semiconductor sits below the N-type layer. Obviously, at the junction of the N and P-type semiconductors, there is a depletion layer. Theory of Depletion Layer The basic theory of the depletion layer at the … Read more
Scientists began producing monocrystalline silicon nearly a century ago. Scientist Jan Czochralski discovered the modern process in 1918. However, engineers had built the first silicon solar cell by 1941. Manufacturers follow eight simple steps for this process. Make Metallurgical Silicon Silicon is the main material in monocrystalline panels. It comes from silica sand or quartzite … Read more
A grid-connected rooftop solar power plant converts sunlight into electricity. It supplies power to a building. It also sends extra power to the electric grid. The system works step by step from left to right. Rooftop Solar Modules A Solar PV module contains a predetermined number of photovoltaic cells. Solar PV modules are installed on … Read more
A solar panel does not give the same electric power all the time. Power changes with sunlight and temperature. To use the panel efficiently, we must extract maximum power. This is done using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). MPPT is used inside solar inverters. It mainly uses DC–DC converters. What is MPPT? MPPT is a … Read more
A DC–DC converter is an electronic circuit. It changes one DC voltage level into another DC voltage level. It does this without changing DC to AC. Why is a DC-DC converter needed? Solar panels give variable DC voltages. Because the photovoltaic cells produce voltage depending on the intensity of sunlight. The load needs a fixed … Read more
A high-voltage power system deals with a huge quantity of currents. Unfortunately, the huge size of meters or protection relays is not available in the market. For cost and size optimization, the meters and relays are normally designed with a 1 A or 5 A rating. Therefore, there must be some means by which we … Read more
The current transformer is a kind of transformer that steps down currents. From the name “current transformer,” we can understand that it deals with current. The available instruments for measuring and protection purposes in the market are of a few amperes range. The ammeters, energy meters, wattmeters, and various protection relays are rated for only … Read more
Wound Type CT The Wound type CT uses a magnetic core. The core of the CT consists of laminations of cold-rolled, grain-oriented silicon steel. Some manufacturers also use nano-crystalline core material for this purpose. This creates a closed magnetic path. We wrap insulating paper around this closed magnetic path (core). Over the paper insulation, we … Read more
Organized into 15 categories Current Transformer (CT) Potential Transformer (PT / VT / CVT) Circuit Breakers (VCB / SF6 / GIS / ACB / OCB) Protection Systems Substation Engineering (AIS/GIS) Earthing & Lightning Protection Transformer Engineering Capacitor Banks & Power Quality Transmission Lines Distribution Systems HVDC & FACTS Industrial Systems Standards & Testing Real-World Operation … Read more
TACSR TACSR is the simplest form of HTLS variants. It uses galvanized steel strands as reinforcement, similar to a simple ACSR conductor. However, it mainly differs in the current-carrying part of the conductor. Constructionally, a TACSR is similar to an ACSR conductor. It uses thermal-resistant aluminium alloy strands instead of normal hard-drawn pure aluminium. It … Read more