Earthing System

Scientists have proposed various theories to explain how electric charges form and separate inside clouds. In reality, charge formation and separation inside clouds are very complex natural phenomena. Engineers mainly need to know that charge separation occurs in thunderstorm clouds. In general, the negative charge concentrates in the main lower part of a thundercloud. In … Read more

Eriksson Striking Distance Equation The earlier equation, which relates striking distance to return stroke current, does not imply everything. Because the earlier lightning models assumed that the striking distance depends only on the return stroke current. However, Eriksson found this was not a fully correct prediction. He showed that the height of the structure also … Read more

Empirical design methods protect substations and transmission lines from lightning using practical experience. The two methods are fixed angles and empirical curves. Both give acceptable protection. Fixed Angle Method of DSLP Here, we assume that a lightning mast or shielding wire protects an area below it within a fixed angle. It saves all equipment inside … Read more

Organized into 15 categories Current Transformer (CT) Potential Transformer (PT / VT / CVT) Circuit Breakers (VCB / SF6 / GIS / ACB / OCB) Protection Systems Substation Engineering (AIS/GIS) Earthing & Lightning Protection Transformer Engineering Capacitor Banks & Power Quality Transmission Lines Distribution Systems HVDC & FACTS Industrial Systems Standards & Testing Real-World Operation … Read more

A Nickel Cadmium battery is a rechargeable chemical battery. It uses nickel oxyhydroxide as the positive active material. Also, it uses cadmium as the negative active material. Compared to other battery technologies it provides stable voltage, long cycle life, and reliable performance even under heavy load and low temperatures. Ni-Cd Battery Composition A Ni-Cd battery … Read more

To design the proper grounding systems for transmission line towers, we need to know the soil resistivity. Here, we shall provide a comprehensive guide. Wenner Four Point Method We follow the IEEE 81 Standard for soil resistivity measurement for this purpose. We need the following equipment for the measurement. Step-by-Step Procedure Select Test Location: We … Read more

Measuring soil resistivity is essential before designing a grounded earthing system for a substation. Because this measurement determines how well the ground can dissipate fault currents. If the soil resistivity is high, the grounding system needs some changes. It requires denser earthing mesh and more conductive electrodes. A well-designed earthing system prevents intolerable voltage buildup. … Read more

What is Normal Current Rating? This is the current represented in its RMS value. Electrical equipment can carry this current continuously without being overheated and without losing its desired performance. According to IC 62271, the definition of normal current rating of electrical equipment is the rated normal rms current that the electrical equipment can carry … Read more