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An induction disc relay is a variety of electromagnetic relays. It belongs to one of the most primitive forms of conventional electromechanical protection relays. Its basic construction and working principle are quite simple. Basic Construction of Induction Disc Relay There is an electromagnet. The system current or a current proportional to the system current flows … Read more
The induction cup relay works by electromagnetic induction. It makes torque inside a light metal cup.The cup turns the moving contacts fixed to it. Finally, the relay closes its contact. It offers quick and reliable protection because of its lightweight metal cup rotor and stronger magnetic field. Definition of Induction Cup Relay The relay produces … Read more
To design the proper grounding systems for transmission line towers, we need to know the soil resistivity. Here, we shall provide a comprehensive guide. Wenner Four Point Method We follow the IEEE 81 Standard for soil resistivity measurement for this purpose. We need the following equipment for the measurement. Step-by-Step Procedure Select Test Location: We … Read more
Touch and Step Potential Calculator
In this article, we will focus on the types of SF6 circuit breakers. These are double pressure type SF6 circuit breakers and single pressure type SF6 circuit breakers. The double-pressure-type SF6 circuit breaker is an obsolete technology. Utilities, previously used in substations. Whereas the single pressure type SF6 circuit breaker is the modern design of … Read more
Definition of Transformer A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another without changing the frequency. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Let us recall our knowledge of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. Because it is essential for the working principle of a transformer. This famous law states that … Read more
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction, without any physical connection. Since, a transformer works bases on electromagnetic induction, it only works on an AC supply and can step up or step down voltage levels without changing its frequency. The transformer consists of … Read more
Before entering the article on the transformer vector diagram or the transformer phasor diagram, we may recall our concept of an ideal transformer. For a basic idea of an ideal transformer, you may also read our article on the emf equation of a transformer. Considering Core Losses for Transformer Vector Diagram Now, we shall consider … Read more
The vector diagram shows the phase relationships clearly. It reveals how currents and voltages interact physically. Moreover, it guides us in circuit element placement. Each vector represents one specific circuit component. Therefore, the diagram becomes our blueprint for the equivalent circuit of a transformer. Without it, we cannot understand parameter connections properly. Vector Diagram No … Read more
Measuring soil resistivity is essential before designing a grounded earthing system for a substation. Because this measurement determines how well the ground can dissipate fault currents. If the soil resistivity is high, the grounding system needs some changes. It requires denser earthing mesh and more conductive electrodes. A well-designed earthing system prevents intolerable voltage buildup. … Read more
Let us try to understand why transmission of electricity requires a high-voltage transmission system. This is essential before discussing the details of an electrical transmission system, Requirement of Electrical Transmission System All the generating stations generate electric power at a low voltage level. Because generating electrical power at a low voltage level is economical. Actually, … Read more
What is Insulation Resistance? Insulation resistance measures how well an insulating material stops leakage current. We measure this blocking ability in Ohms (Ω). Furthermore, good insulation has very high resistance. In contrast, poor insulation allows current to leak. Obviously, this leakage can cause electric shocks, equipment damage, and fire hazards. Basic Formula of Insulation Resistance … Read more
Power Transmission Utilities use lattice-structured transmission towers for extra high voltage transmission lines and ultra-high voltage transmission lines, normally above 33 kV or including 33 kV lines. They use galvanized iron or GI angles with nuts and bolts to erect the electrical transmission towers. The height of these towers ranges from 20 to 40 meters, … Read more
ACSR means Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced. We mostly choose ACSR for high‐voltage overhead transmission lines. An ACSR consists mainly of two parts. It has multiple layers of pure aluminum strands for carrying current. The purity of aluminum is 99.5%. It also has a central core of galvanized steel. This core provides tensile strength to the … Read more
An attraction type moving iron instrument works based on the principle of attraction of a magnetic material towards the coil. Basic Structure Suppose there is a coil. We connect this coil with an electric source. Whenever we inject current into the coil, the coil will become a magnet. Obviously, this magnet attracts any iron pieces … Read more
A resistor is one of the fundamental components in circuits. It limits current flow or divides voltages in the circuit. Although all types of resistors serve the same basic function, different manufacturing methods and materials create distinctions among them. Each type has its unique characteristics suited for specific applications. Differnt Types of Resistors as Follows … Read more
A wire wound resistor consists of a winding of resistive wire wrapped around a non-conductive cylinder. This is the oldest type of resistor. Although we use wire wound resistors these days. Because these resistors provide high accuracy, better stability. Also, they can handle much more power than other types of resistors available for fixed resistor … Read more
A metal film resistor is a passive resistor. It uses a thin film of metal alloy deposited around a ceramic cylinder to provide the current path of the resistor. The ceramic cylinder provides mechanical strength to the resistor. The tolerance of the metal film resistor is quite lower than that of the carbon composition resistor … Read more
A carbon film resistor is first made by depositing a thin layer of carbon onto a ceramic (usually alumina) cylindrical substrate through a process called pyrolysis or vacuum deposition. Then, during construction, the carbon film is carefully trimmed or spiraled to achieve the desired resistance value. After that, metal end caps and lead wires are … Read more
What is a Carbon Composition Resistor? A carbon composition resistor is a simple electronic component. Engineers use it to control current flow in circuits. This resistor contains carbon particles mixed with clay material. Construction and Manufacturing Manufacturers follow a simple process to make these resistors. First, they mix fine carbon powder with ceramic clay. The … Read more